|
Phyletic gradualism is a model of evolution which theorizes that most speciation is slow, uniform and gradual.〔Eldredge, N. and S. J. Gould (1972). ("Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism" ) In T.J.M. Schopf, ed., ''Models in Paleobiology''. San Francisco: Freeman Cooper. p. 84.〕 When evolution occurs in this mode, it is usually by the steady transformation of a whole species into a new one (through a process called anagenesis). In this view no clear line of demarcation exists between an ancestral species and a descendant species, unless splitting occurs. The theory is contrasted with punctuated equilibrium. ==History== The word ''phyletic'' derives from the Greek φυλετικός ''phūletikos'', which conveys the meaning of a line of descent.〔φυλετικός phūletikos originates from φυλέτης phūletēs "one of the same tribe," from φυλή phulē, "clan, race, people", derived from φύεσθαι phuesthai, "to descend, to originate."〕 In the context of evolutionary change it implies a single line of descent without branching. Phyletic gradualism contrasts with the theory of punctuated equilibrium, which proposes that most evolution occurs isolated in rare episodes of rapid evolution, when a single species splits into two distinct species, followed by a long period of stasis or non-change. These models both contrast with variable-speed evolution ("variable speedism"), which maintains that different species evolve at different rates, and that there is no reason to stress one rate of change over another.〔Dawkins, Richard. 1996. ''The Blind Watchmaker''. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-31570-3〕〔Futuyma, Douglas. 2005. ''Evolution''. Sunderland MA: Sinauer Associates, pp. 86-89〕 Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins argues that constant-rate gradualism is not present in the professional literature, thereby the term serves only as a straw-man for punctuated-equilibrium advocates. In his book ''The Blind Watchmaker'', Dawkins argues against the idea that Charles Darwin himself was a constant-rate gradualist, as suggested by Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould. In the first edition of ''On the Origin of Species'', Darwin stated that "Species of different genera and classes have not changed at the same rate, or in the same degree. In the oldest tertiary beds a few living shells may still be found in the midst of a multitude of extinct forms... The Silurian ''Lingula'' differs but little from the living species of this genus".〔Charles Darwin, 1859. ''On the origin of species'' London: John Murray. 1st edition, (p. 313 ).〕 ''Lingula'' is among the few brachiopods surviving today but also known from fossils over 500 million years old. In the fifth edition of ''The Origin of Species'', Darwin wrote that "the periods during which species have undergone modification, though long as measured in years, have probably been short in comparison with the periods during which they retain the same form".〔 Charles Darwin, 1869. ''The Origin of Species'' London: John Murray. 5th edition, (p. 551 ). 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Phyletic gradualism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|